The Effects Of Drug Use On Brain And Its Functions

Abstract In the course of the text, there will be discussions regarding the correlation of drug use and/or abuse and how it affects the brain and its functions. Contributions through literature review will focus on the aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the brain as well as the pathology and psychological aspects of how drug use will affect it; primarily focusing on cocaine. Introduction The brain is a complex organ within the human body. It serves as the basis for all bodily functions, controlling all aspects of a human being from the complexity of experiencing emotions to the basics of breathing and walking. But what happens when drugs are introduced to the body, the brain? The studies hereafter will display the effects of drug use and abuse on the brain and its functions. Literature Review The Brain Anatomically, the central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and the spinal cord (Kalat, 2013). These two things represent our body’s communication center. In aspects to just the brain, it is made up of 3 various parts, the forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain. Each part of the brain has a specific function. The forebrain consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, and the cerebrum. The midbrain, other wise known as the mesencephalon, is made up of tectum and tegamentum. Lastly, the hindbrain consists of the cerebellum, pons, and the medulla. The forebrain is responsible for everything from voluntary movement to abstract cognitive thinking and even theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Drugs Affect on Brain947 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Drugs some use them to escape pain, others use them for pleasure, and some use them to just fit in. Either way drugs are a harmful substance that may seriously affect the body. Drugs mess with the brain in ways that we couldn’t even imagine. From destroying brain cells that help with critical thinking to destroying cells that give us the ability to feel pleasure. Drugs take the place of our natural body functions of the body. They fool receptors of the body and make it to whereRead MoreAddiction as a Disease: Addiction is a term that has traditionally been used to refer to1400 Words   |  6 Pagesby illicit drug use. Actually, addition is the only psychiatric condition whose symptoms are regarded as an illegal activity. In most cases, this term is described on the basis of drug use, which is the main focus of many research and treatment programs. Generally, drug addiction has significant negative effects on individuals using the drug and those around them such as family and friends. Family and friends are usually forced to watch their loved ones wilt away in illicit drug use. While addictionRead MoreDrugs and Society Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesSwenda SOS-304-OL009 WA 2 1b. List and describe briefly the major structures of the brain, as presented in your textbook, including the function of those elements that are most related to psychoactive drug reaction. The first layer of the brain is the cortex which covers the top and sides of the brain. This area controls reasoning and language, and this area will be less active when under sedative drugs. The basal ganglia are located underneath the cortex and it is made up of by the striatumRead MoreEffects Of Marijuana On The Brain Centers Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagescontinues to be the most widely used drug in the Western Hemisphere, its cognitive effects robustly revolve around memory. There have been many studies done on the chemical effects that marijuana has on the brain centers concerned with memory and learning. There are more productive studies relating to the effects of cannabis on short-term memory that show different memory processes effected by this drug. Though there is not much knowledge on the effects the drug has on long-term memory due to suspectedRead MoreRisk Factors For Adolescent Drug Abuse1462 Words   |  6 Pages Body: Risk Factors for Adolescent Drug Abuse There are an abundance of risk factors that can relate to the contribution of drug abuse in adolescents. The primary risk factors can be divided into two main categories: social and emotional triggers. Social factors play an important role because during the adolescent years it can be an extremely emotional and physically tough time for teens to transition through. Adolescent phases are one of the biggest transitional stages in a person’s life becauseRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction952 Words   |  4 Pagesinitially taking drugs can vary and while the action itself is voluntary: the eventual drug addiction is essentially involuntary. Drug addiction is a complex and chronic disease, a brain disease, which changes the way the brain functions. Drug addiction, much like chronic illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes, disrupts healthy, normal functioning organs. This has harmful consequences that are both preventable and treatable (Branch, 2011, pp.263-265). Drug addic tion is considered a brain disease asRead MoreDrug Use On Young College Students1079 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Use in Adolescence Introduction In 2013, more high school seniors regularly used marijuana than cigarettes as 22.7 percent smoked pot in the last month, compared to 16.3 percent who smoked cigarettes. Sixty percent of seniors don t see regular marijuana use as harmful, but THC (the active ingredient in the drug that causes addiction) is nearly five times stronger than it was 20 years ago. One-third of teenagers who live in States with medical marijuana laws get their pot from other peopleRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Ritalin, and the Brain1606 Words   |  7 PagesAttention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Ritalin, and the Brain Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, more commonly referred to as simply ADHD, is the most commonly diagnosed disorder among American children today. According to the National Institute on Mental Health an estimated 3 to 5 percent of school age children are affected by this disorder. (1) There are more diagnosed cases of ADHD of in the United States than there are anywhere in the world. The main symptoms of ADHD include developmentallyRead MoreThe Drug Of Drugs And Drugs Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction heroine is a highly addictive, and also illegal drug. It is made from the resin of poppy plants. The opium is used to make morphine, then further into different forms of heroine. It was from opium that morphine, a derivative, was developed as a pain killer in approximately 1810. It eliminated severe pains, many of times used for medical operations. It made who ever used it be completely numb.Heroin was first made by Alder Wright in 1874 from morphine. Heroine is made from a black stickyRead MoreThe Negatives Effects of Marijuana on Teenager880 Words   |  4 PagesThe Negatives Effects of Marijuana on Teenager What is Marijuana? The marijuana affects the brain development on teenager. Also affect the function at school, work, and social life of the teenagers. The marijuana increases the risk of mental health issues. The sadistic show that the used of marijuana increase every years. Marijuana affects the teenager and also their families. According to National Institute of Drug Abuse, Marijuana is a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves, stems

Sarbanes Oxley Example

Essays on Sarbanes Oxley Research Paper sarbanes oxley act The paper sheds light on the Sarbanes Oxley Act which laid down the foundation and set new standards of financial reporting for the public as well as the listed companies along with the auditors of the public and listed companies to ensure the security of the interests of shareholders as well as other stakeholders. introduction After some massive corporate scandals such as Enron, WorldCom and Tyco International etc, questions were raised on the credibility of the financial reporting customs and the quality of the audit along with the reliance which is placed on the audit. This called for the guard of the interest of the shareholders as well as the rebuilding of the trust of the investors where they can have faith in the audit as well as the financial reporting practices that reporting standards will highlight, at the right point of time, regarding any event which may affect their interest. Certain actions were also required which protect the interest of the investors through enhancing the truthfulness and consistency of the financial reporting and the disclosures made for the purposes of financial reporting as per the applicable standards. Hence, a bill was enacted in the end of July 2002 in order to set improved standards as guidance and benchmark for every public company of U.S., its board of directors, administration and especially the public auditing firms. This bill is remembered by the names of the sponsors of the bill i.e. Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley who were the Senator and Representative respectively. The bill covers 11 wide areas of the financial reporting as well as audit such as the independence of the auditor, corporate social responsibility, disclosure requirements, fraud accountability, tax returns and penalty regarding the corporate frauds etc. Since the enactment of the bill, numerous questions have been raised on the extent to which the bill has proved to be beneficial to the investors as well as the shareholders and the extent to which it has provide the guiding principle for the companies to improve and enhance the truthfulness and reliance of the reporting. Some analysts consider the act as a very beneficial development to curb the events of fraud while some consider the fact that the complexities created by the act have overshadowed its advantages. advantages of the sarbanes oxley act Some of the advantages that have accrued to the shareholders and the investors as well as the regulatory bodies to enhance the credibility of reporting as well as the audit are explained in detail below. special attentation towards internal control One of the foremost benefits which have flown to the entities as well as the stakeholders of the company is that the law requires the external auditor of the company as well as the management to account for the sufficiency of the internal controls of the company with regards to financial reporting. (Wagner, 2006) The act requires the company to produce a report and to confirm its responsibility of establishing internal control for the purpose of financial reporting, which enhances the credibility of the management as well as the reporting. (Legal Guide) Responsibility of financial reporting The act emphasizes on the top management of the company to claim the responsibility and ownership of the financial statements. Pursuant to this, it was seen that the management took greater interest in the preparation of financial statements as well as other reporting responsibilities. enhanced auditor independence The act called for enhanced auditor independence as prior to the act the auditors used to ignore or conceal misstatements in order to establish client relationship and to acquire business of the client by providing non-audit or consultancy services to the client. The act strictly banned the auditors from entering into agreements which were undertaken to provide well-paid consultancy or other non-audit services. This further improved the auditor objectivity and the independence of the auditors. guard of Information Technology based transactions The clauses of the act do not merely influence the monetary area of companies, it also involves the Informational Technology sector whose has to store the electronic records of the entity and execute transactions through electronic devices. The act lays emphasis on keeping the electronic records of the entity for a period of 5 years or more which includes the business transaction record, communication record, data processing record and any other related electronic data. (Spurzem, 2006) This ensures the scrutiny of monetary as well as the electronic data for the purpose of audit and to determine any event of fraud within the entity. disadvantages of the sarbanes oxley act Apart from the advantages that flew to all the stakeholders of the company for enhanced reliance, there was also some criticism on the act which curbed the advantages. Some of those disadvantages are following. increased the cost of reporting The act called for the establishment of some new departments such as the internal control department and also called for additional reporting responsibilities which required the companies to either hire experienced personnel or outsource in persuasion of the clauses. These additional costs have proven to be fairly heavy for the companies and the act has come under immense criticism in respect of these costs. flight of business to other countries Some people have argued on the fact that due to the stringent regulations of the act, it has become difficult for some of the companies to cope up with the requirement of the act and to comply with it. Hence, these regulations have proven to be damaging, particularly to small companies and firms, who are getting themselves delisted from the US stock exchanges and getting listed on stock exchanges across border. harsh penalties The analysts have also blamed the law for enforcing penalties which have been very harsh in their nature. Some penalties such as the financial statements not signed by the appropriate authority etc were deemed harsh by the analysts and it was seen that companies, in order to escape from these penalties, took flight to other countries where they assumed lesser compliances. (Vitez) conclusion Since the event of major corporate frauds in the United States and other countries, many laws and regulations have been made in order to regain the confidence of the investors and to make sure that such incidents do not take place again. Sarbanes-Oxley Act is one of those laws which came up in order to reestablish the faith of the investor and to lay down the foundation of improved and secure corporate reporting which doesn’t only prevent frauds and misstatements but also lays down the guiding principles for governing the audit of financial statements. The act has been quite able to rebuild the confidence of the investor and has also enhanced the reliance of the user of the financial statement but some of the aspects, such as the heavy costs of compliance and the restrictions placed over companies and auditors have overshadowed the advantages of the act. Works Cited Legal Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2011, from http://www.toplegalguide.com/sarlaw_advantages.htm Spurzem, B. (2006). Retrieved November 26, 2011, from http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Sarbanes-Oxley-Act Vitez, O. (n.d.). Disadvantages of Sarbanes Oxley. Retrieved November 28, 2011, from http://www.ehow.com/about_5494421_disadvantages-sarbanes-oxley.html Wagner, S. (2006). Unexpected Benefits of Sarbanes-Oxley. Harvard Business Review .

Rekj Free Essays

Additionally, if the slower receipt of payments impacts the organization’s ability to quickly pay its own operational expenses then you might also see an increase in the accounts payable liability account. Conversely, on the Income Statement, one would expect to see an increase in the patient revenue account since the deal was that the NCO had longer to pay in trade for a HIGHER reimbursement rate. Also, on the Income Statement as the receivables account increases then you would also see an increase in the Provision for Doubtful Accounts. We will write a custom essay sample on Rekj or any similar topic only for you Order Now How might negotiating an NCO contract affect financial statements? The accounts that will be impacted on the Balance Sheet (which was the nature Of my question) are as follows. How does the Provision for Doubtful Accounts work? Posted by ROBERT ADAMS atlas 16, 2015, 8:09 PM If a hospital such as FCC renegotiated an NCO contract that allowed the NCO to take longer to pay in exchange for a higher reimbursement rate, this would increase patient revenue on the Income Statement because the NCO is paying at a higher rate. However, since the NCO has longer to pay then the Patient Accounts Receivable (A/R) on the Balance Sheet would also increase. As this A/R account increases, the amount booked as Provision for Doubtful Accounts would also increase since this expense is often simply a percentage of the A/R account. OR a more real world response: In the case of FCC, they treat the Provision of Doubtful Accounts as an expense account. This is an account that is used to ‘book† the projected losses associated with carrying a receivables account on the Balance Sheet for patient revenue. You might ask why an organization would need to do this. Well anytime you have a receivables account there is some likelihood that some of that account will go uncollected. Generally, an organization can use historical data to project what percentage of a receivable account might not be collected. Regarding this assignment, FCC renegotiated a primary managed care contract which allowed the NCO longer to pay in exchange for a higher reimbursement rate. The impact of the NCO having longer to pay means that the receivables account would grow. If FCC applies its historical percentage for uncorrectable to a growing receivables account then the Provision for Doubtful Accounts would naturally increase as well. How does purchasing extra inventory change financial statements? As FCC purchases inventory it is placed on the Balance Sheet as an asset. It is VERY important for you all to understand that the supplies expense will not increase on the Income Statement UNTIL the supplies are actually used by FCC. For instance, if FCC purchased $1 of extra inventory this loud be listed as an asset on the Balance Sheet. How to cite Rekj, Papers

Advance Business Planning

Questions: 1. Describe the difference between the market analysis section and the marketing plan section of a business plan. Why is it important for the marketing plan to be developed with the customer plainly in mind? Describe the difference between cost-based pricing and value-based pricing. 2. Why is it important to include an operations plan in a business plan? What is an operations flow diagram, and why is it important? Answers: 1. The market analysis section of a business plan is a short introduction listing factors of a marketplace in brief. This includes potential customers, demographics or sales trends that influence the market, price range, competitors, and technology to be applied (Barringer, 2015). On the other hand, the marketing plan section of a business is the blueprint or a comprehensive document that outlines the marketing and advertising strategies for the upcoming year. It involves the activities that are required to accomplish the objectives within a particular time frame. A marketing plan must comprise sales strategies, promotion, advertising, and pricing. It involves a description of the marketing mix (Barringer, 2015). It is of utmost importance that the customers are kept in mind while developing a marketing plan as the customers are at the receiving end. The marketing plan must be such that the customers are satisfied. This would attract new clients, and the business would flourish. Cost-based pricing is the method to calculate the price of a product. Cost based pricing utilizes production and manufacturing costs to determine the price of a product. Cost-based pricing is of two types namely full cost pricing and direct cost pricing. Through a full calculation, the company determines the floor and ceiling price (Barringer, 2012). However, the company must price the product between the ceiling and the floor. Value based pricing, on the other hand, is opposed to the manufacturing cost of a product. The value of a service or product is considered in the case of value-based pricing. To calculate the value of a product, the company analyzes the value or money a product would generate in the hands of the consumer when it is marketed. While value-based pricing focuses on customers, cost-based pricing lays its emphasis on the situation of a company to determine its price. 2. An operation plan is a crucial tool for an efficient business plan. It is a written document describing the business, sales, and marketing strategy. An operation plan is used for individual as well as total operating units. It helps to understand the goals of the company and provides direction to the employees and managers both vertically and horizontally. Also, it provides the goals, vision, mission, and directions of an organization. An operation plan describes the structure of a company and also the processes that would be carried out in the future. It addresses operational issues and strengthens team building. Mostly, it is a kind of orienteering map (Ruggieri et al., 2014) Often considered a counterpart of a flowchart, an operation flow diagram shows the relationship between primary components of a system. As the term suggests, an operation flow chart gives a visual presentation of the steps required to form an efficient operation plan. It involves providing information such as functions, steps involved in a process, and events. It means laying down step by step procedures and processes and provides information to the audience (Ruggieri et al., 2014). Flow diagrams provide a clear understanding of a process and facilitate communication and teamwork. Flow charts are used to identify the weaknesses within an organization, highlight them, and work on improving those weaknesses. References Barringer, B. (2012).Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures, (2012). Barringer, B. (2015). Preparing effective business plans (2nd ed.). Boston: Pearson. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Ruggieri, A., Silvestri, C., Piccarozzi, M. (2014). Consumerism, Market Analysis and Impact on Business Plan Definition.Marketing and Consumer Behavior: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, 228.

Black Soldiers In The Civil War Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper During the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and portion of the Nineteenth Century the White people of North America used the Black people of Africa as slaves to profit their involvements. White people created a clime of high quality of their race over the Black African race that in some topographic points, still lingers on today. The American Civil War nevertheless, was a cardinal turning point for the Black African race. Through their actions and the political actions of President Lincoln and his disposal, Black Africans set a presedent for their freedom, equality and release. A really of import facet of Blacks turn outing themselves was that of the Black Man moving as a soldier in the Civil War. During the Civil War the official determination to utilize Blacks as soldiers in the Union Army was a slow gradual procedure and a series of strategic political determinations. The existent usage of Blacks as soldiers in the Union Army was completed by a series of actions the Black Man performed that won him the regard of going a soldier. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Soldiers In The Civil War Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The two differ in that it was to President Lincoln # 8217 ; s benefit to enlist Blacks as soldiers when he did. Whereas the later was the Black Man # 8217 ; s will to contend for his freedom and turn out himself as an equal human being. However, because the Black population was barred from come ining the ground forces under a 1792 jurisprudence ( 4 ) the Black Man going a soldier was non officially recognized until late 1862. # 8220 ; There was strong anti-Black bias among most people in the free provinces, and in the loyal slave states the thought of build uping the Black adult male was anthema # 8221 ; ( 1 ) . This statement straight reflects the by and large held fear White people had about seting Blacks on the contending line of the ground forcess in the Civil War. White persons felt that the Civil War was a war started upon the White Man # 8217 ; s issues and what possible ground would the Black Man have for desiring to contend in this war. On the contrary The Black Man saw The Civil War as an chance to win freedom and addition regard ( 2 ) . Blacks in the North who were free from bondage volitionally pledged their service to contend in the Union Army nevertheless, their commitment was denied by President Lincoln on political evidences. Lincoln realized that the issue of Black soldiers would be unbearable by the populace and would non be accepted. Initially, the Union Army utilized Northern Blacks from the free provinces to alleviate White persons from day-to-day undertakings that were indispensable to keep the ground forcess, therefore liberating up White soldiers for conflict. As the Union Armies began to travel farther into Confederate district nevertheless, they encountered many runaway slave Blacks. These Blacks were the 1s that contributed most to the Union attempt. This was true for two grounds. First, there were many more Blacks in the South compared to the North, approximately four million compared to two hundred 1000s. Second, the Black people in the South had more at interest, one time they left the Confederate side to fall in The Union there was no turning back. Not merely would they be deemed as trators but blowouts every bit good and were probably to confront decease if they where caught. ( 3 ) In the beginning, when Union Armies would meet runaway slaves they would either keep them until their proprietor retrieved them or they would return these people to the proper Confederate Officials ( 1 ) . This became a major load T o the Union. Many generals did non desire to be regarded as # 8220 ; break ones back backstops # 8221 ; they realized their responsibility to be much more. Because of this obstacle many Commanding officers enlisted the runaway Blacks for their services without the consent of the Lincoln Administration. One case in peculiar, a case in point was set that would alter the policy of utilizing Blacks in the Union ground forces. Brig. Gen. Benjamin Butler had encountered several runaway slaves. When A Confederate Officer under a flag of armistice had come to recover the slaves, Butler refused on the evidences that slaves used by the Confederate Army during war was no different than the usage of machinery or any other tool to assistance in their advancement. Therefore, the Slaves would be considered contraband merely as any other tool would be ( 2 ) . Shortly after this case in point was set The Lincoln Administration passed The Confiscation Act which stated that all Blacks encountered in Confederate district were to be taken in and used at the Commanders descretion ( 1 ) . This proved to be a great aid to the Union Army while a immense blow to the Confederates. The Union was deriving work force in direct proportion to the Confederates fring it. This entirely played a immense factor in the success of the Union Armies. Finally the arrogation of southern slaves began to nowadays a job for the Union. The sum of Blacks flying from the Confederate side began to overpower the Union Armies. There were so many Blacks flying from the Confederate side that Union Armies shortly had more people than they knew what to make with. The Union Armies had to happen a topographic point for these people, so accordingly a determination had to be made. Many of the work forces and most all of the adult females and kids were put to utilize on abandoned Confederate plantations. Of coarse there was ever a menace of Confederate Rebels assailing these one time owned plantations and recovering their slaves, so the Union allocated soldiers to protect these plantations. This proved to go a existent plus for The Union. Not merely where they hijacking new land and traveling farther into Confederate district, The Union utilized this rich land and labour to provide it # 8217 ; s ground forcess with groceries and other resources. ( 3 ) As the usage of Blacks became more platitude in the Union Armies their place began to germinate. Many Generals prematurely began to utilize the Black Man as a soldier. Without consent from Washington these Generals armed the Black Man and set them into a soldiers place. This action was non supported by Lincoln and in fact looked down upon. However, this began to go on throughout many of the Union Armies and became so prevalent that Lincoln could non disregard it ( 1 ) . Lincoln was caught between a stone and a difficult topographic point. On one manus the world was obvious that the war was non traveling to stop and that the Union Armies needed more adult male power. On the other, Lincoln knew that the populace was non ready to see the Black Man armed and used as a soldier. Bing the acute politician that Lincoln was he made a little measure towards the inevitable. Lincoln declared a # 8220 ; general build uping # 8221 ; could be used to use the Blacks in security steps so they could further protect the lines of the Union Armies ( 1 ) . This was the official beginning in the patterned advance of the Black Man to going a soldier in the Civil War.

buy custom Strategic Plan for Skilled Nursing Facility essay

buy custom Strategic Plan for Skilled Nursing Facility essay Provide a brief overview of the organization you have selected Long term care facilities particularly skilled nursing facilities have become complex. This is because they are currently accepting patients from the hospital just a few days post-operatively or with recent acute illness (White Truax, 2007). According to White Truax (2007), long term care facilities are a subset of the overall health delivery system in the US. The key factor in determining whether a facility provides long term care is to know if its mission is providing ongoing care versus acute care and how the facility is licensed in the state. Beta Pham skilled nursing facility was licensed by the Washington state in 2005. The facility provides long term, chronic care residents and short term hospital patients admitted for the purpose of rehabilitation before they are discharged to home. Medicare covers patients admitted in Beta Pham nursing facility who have a 3-day eligible stay in the acute care hospital for short term rehabilitation (White Truax, 2007). Beta Pham nursing facility is privately owned and is not for profit. The facility has a capacity of 300 beds and is owned by a single person. The mission statement of Beta Pham nursing facility is to improve the quality of care provided and other related services to patients. The Beta skilled nursing facility provides a full range of clinical long term care services. Describe the organizational structure Beta Pham nursing facility uses a functional organizational structure. This type of organizational structure divides various responsibilities among groups or departments (Ilminen, 1999). Functional structure is set up so that each portion of the organization is grouped according to its purpose (Different types of organizational structure, n.d.). According to Ilminen (1999), the facility administration requires a versatile, resilient individual with a variety of technical, management and people skills. In addition, Singh (2010) indicated that the organizational structure of Beta Pham nursing facility includes the preceding functional departments. Each of these services is managed by a mid-level manager who reports directly to the administrator. Singh (2010) noted that the various support services found in functional structure are adjuncts to the central nursing care process and must interface with clinical care using a multidisciplinary approach. How will developing a well-constructed strategic plan benefit the organization? The strategic plan will help the management of the nursing facility to address all aspects of the patients needs without duplicating or disregarding any patient needs. Singh (2010) noted that the strategic plan will help the Beta Pham to tackle problems and issues from all pertinent disciplines through interacting and providing their professional inputs (p. 246). A strategic plan will enable Beta nursing facility to predict of what the facilitys decision makers believe they must do to cope with the future (Allen, 2011). A strategic plan makes it possible to compare what actually happens to what is expected to happen. Allen (2011) indicated that to survive and prosper, the nursing facility must engage in strategic planning. The plan will integrate the facilities major goals, policies and action sequences into a cohesive whole (Allen, 2011). Identify key services provided by the organization Beta nursing facility provides a range of services to the patients. The services provided by skilled nursing care include monitoring of unstable conditions, clinical assessment of needs; and treatments such as intravenous feeding, wound care, dressing changes or cleaning of air passages (Singh, 2010). The facility also provides post surgical orthopedic care after knee or hip replacement and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation that are essential after heart urgery (Singh, 2010). Description of management team Nurse staffing ratios are a critical factor influencing the overall quality of care in Beta Pham nursing facility. The management team in Beta Pham nursing facility includes the director of nursing, assistant director of nursing, nurse managers, unit managers, care coordinators, medication or special treatment nurses, shift supervisors, staff nurses and nursing assistants (Ilminen, 1999). Charge nurses passes medications, provide treatments and documents patients. Treatment nurse changes dressings and provides wound care. The director of the facility plans and carries out diversional activities or recreation therapy for residents (Ilminen, 1999). The volume of business that is being done on a monthly or annual basis The Beta Pham nursing facility serves approximately 400 patients each month. 10 distinct groups within the facility indicate the severity of the patients condition. About 25 patients are referred to the facility for evaluation each day. Varying number of patients is admitted to the facility after evaluation. Statistics indicate that 54% of referred patients are admitted to the facility. At the same time Beta Pham discharges about 15 patients every day. The facility charges $165 per day for admitted patients and $85 for outpatients who seek other services such as dressing and wound care. The facilities turnover is estimated to be $840,000 per month. This amount varies depending on the number of admissions undertaken on daily basis. The 400 patients served by the facility represent 37% of the total 650 patients seen and evaluated by utilization review nurse within the facility. Demographics of patients being served Patients admitted and served by Beta nursing facility are evenly divided by gender. 65% were older than 65 years of age. White Truax (2007) noted that patients enrolled in the outpatient therapy program are those with minimal deficits. Some of the patients who complete their hospital based inpatient program or have their rehabilitation at a skilled nursing facility. The table below shows the demographics of patients admitted in Beta Pham nursing facility. Characteristics Percentage (%) Age (years) 20-40 2 40-60 12 60-70 31 70-80 25 80+ 20 Gender Female 68 Male 32 Education 12 years 54 12 years 46 Marital status Married 54 Unmarried 46 Average medical visits per year 57 Ethnic breakdown Hispanic 20 American 58 Black American 22 Employment status Employed 9 Unemployed (Retired) 91 Demographics of the staff to include number of staff, types of positions, education level, etc Beta nursing facility has a total of 20 members of staff. This is to ensure that the nursing staff is adequate to meet the needs of the residents living the facility. The facility has 5 charge nurses who are responsible for passing medications, providing treatments and documenting the patients. Beta nursing facility has 4 treatment nurses who provide wound care and manage gastronomy. There are 4 admission nurses who evaluate potential residents for admission and coordinate with hospital discharge planner to facilitate admissions from hospitals (White Truax, 2007). The facility has 1 MDS coordinator who is responsible for gathering and transmitting all of the facility MDS data to Medicare. The facility has 3 infection nurses who are responsible for identifying potential sources of infection and preventing the spread of infections within the facility (White Truax, 2007). Beta nursing facility has a 1 utilization review nurse who is responsible for evaluating the status of each reside nt to determine the ongoing requirements of care. The education level is a bachelors degree in nursing. The director of staff development nurse is responsible for the orientation and ongoing education of the unlicensed staff. The table below shows the demographics of the staff of Beta Nursing Facility. Type of position Number Gender Education Level Administrator 1 Female Masters Degree in Nursing Charge nurses 5 2 male, 3 female Nursing Degree Treatment nurses 4 1 male, 3 female Nursing Degree Admission nurses 4 2 Male, 2 Female Nursing Degree, Diploma in healthcare administration. MDS coordinator 1 Male Nursing degree and Diploma in healthcare administration. Infection nurses 3 1 Male, 2 Female Nursing Degree and Diploma in Clinical studies Utilization review 1 Female LPN Degree Director of staff development nurse 1 Male Degree in Nursing and Diploma in Administration Buy custom Strategic Plan for Skilled Nursing Facility essay

Too Far From Home 'Modulitis' and NGOs' Role in Transferring Essay

Too Far From Home 'Modulitis' and NGOs' Role in Transferring Prepackaged Reform - Essay Example There are further limitations which affect the operations of NGOs and GROs worldwide. These organizations are fundamentally community-oriented and politically active which depicts their obligation towards the society. However, critics say that with due course of time, the organizations have been immensely influenced by institutionalization, modernization and also corruption. With an in depth perspective, it can be argued that NGOs and GROs in the modern context are highly affected by both the micro and macro economic factors. As explained by Edward and Hulme, the operations of NGOs are strictly concerned with the macro-level changes in the socio-demographic characters. Their explanation in "Too Close for Comfort" also examines the dependency level of states on the NGOs rather than the interdependency between the two. Considering the various limitations of the study in terms of era and subject materials, the proposed theory by Edward and Hulme certainly requires to be prolonged in the modern phenomenon regarding the operations of NGOs. Bibliography Steiner-Khamsi, G. â€Å"Too Far From Home? 'Modulitis' and NGOs’ Role in Transferring Prepackaged Reform†. Current Issues in Comparative Education. Volume 1.

Difficulties and Challenges of Nokia Company Essay

Difficulties and Challenges of Nokia Company - Essay Example From this study it is clear that net cash and value of liquid assets declined by $2 billion year-on-year, while it decreased by $9 billion as compared to the same quarter last year. Moreover, Microsoft assisted Nokia with $250m for "platform support payments", it implies that Nokia's operations have consumed $1.15 billion. According to Henry Blodget, if the situation remains same, Nokia is estimated to go bankrupt within two years. Henry's idea is a bit too extreme because Nokia can convert its assets into cash for recovery. However, once market losses confidence on a company's future, vendors demand payments and customers become hesitant that leads to nothing but crisis. Source: Jean-Louis Gassee, 2012. Huge volume of mobile phone is decreased by 16 percent. Even worse, average selling price (ASP) also declined by 18 percent to $44. In developing countries, Nokia is overtaken by Huawei and ZTE which are marketing smartphoens and feature phones at a very low price. According to the c hart above, Nokia's smartphone ship is also sinking. The volume is -51 percent as compared to the volume in same quarter last year. With $189 ASP, it cannot make give any financial boost since this is the production cost of one unit. However, Nokia is planning to counter them through Asha family of mobiles. Another hope for Nokia is the new Window Phone "smart device". Nokia's latest smatphone, Lumia's performance is also unidentified. This essay declares that another rumor, though well-supported by Mary Jo Foley, an authority on Microsoft, and The Verge, a credible blog, is that existing Lumia phone will not be upgraded to the next OS version, Windows Phone 8.The existing Windows Phone OS is based on the venerable Windows CE kernel. Regardless of veneration, Microsoft would have gone for a modern alternative for Windows Phone 8.It's better be rumor for Nokia because they have already convinced their customers that Symbian-based phones are useless in future. If they deal with Lumia in the same way, future would be even bleak (Gassee, 2012). Considering the rise of Android and iOS, an ex-Microsoft executive said that Nokia is not in the competition for devices but in a battle of ecosystems. Stephen Elop also announced that Nokia is moving from Symbian and Meego software platforms to Microsoft Windows Phone ecosystem. Gruber's source is Jean-Louis Gassee, he points out that Nokia's current devices are using old Symbian S60 stacks, comparatively new Symbian^3 and Symbian^4 engines, and Meego. He criticises Nokia and says how Nokia expects to stay in competition with the likes of Apple, Google, and HP when playing such a disorganized game. This paper outlines that on the other hand, Kotch finds that prevalaing perception that Nokia cannot handle two OS is unrealistic since other companies do it very successfully. The only problem with Nokia is that it is not an American company. He identifies that Nokia has more than two operating systems, for instance, S40 and so me others for cheap features and basic phones. According to Kotch Nokia's problem is not with the OS, but with the execution. While stating that Symbian is a feature, not a bug, Kotch   confirms that it is useless,

Shopping Malls in the UK Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Shopping Malls in the UK - Case Study Example The malls evolved in stages. In Mesopotamia city of Ur, by 1600 B.C someone decided to separate a street of shops from the town with doors which were closed at night. That is the first trace of the 'enclosed shopping promenade" evolved in more than a millennium. Then the ancient Greeks had their liking for the market and the market place was the center of debate and discussion. As the stoicism was named for the stop, it was a large roof structure; walled on three sides. Stoa, along with other purposes, was used for the marketplace. In the Roman Empire, Trajan decided to replace the crowded jumble of streets and small buildings with grand buildings with a formal plan. Aula Traiana was the two-story market with a vaulted roof. (Paquet, 2003 pp, 87) The early history of shopping mall dates back to 10th century A.D of Isfahan's Grand Bazar, largely covered and 10 kilometers covered Tehran's Grand Bazar has also a long history. Grand Bazaar of Istanbul which is still one of the largest co vered markets in the world with about 58 streets and almost 4000 shops were built in the 15th century. Saint Petersburg's Gostiny Dvor, the first purposely- built shopping mall was constructed in 1778, consisting of 100 shops with an area of 53,000 m. (New York Times. November 15, 1957). In 1774 the Oxford Covered Market was established in England and is still running. The Burlington Arcade was opened in 1819 in London. The United States owed the concept of shopping malls to The Arcade built in Rhode Islands in 1828. Shopping Malls in Britain: For the modern shopper, the shopping under one roof seems natural but for the medieval shopper, it was all strange. In medieval days many European countries were controlled by guilds that took care to see what was sold and made. It kept stores small and specialized. Mercers were the stores which sold grocery and fabric both and were the medieval shopping malls. Actually, until 1700 there were a few wealthy people in Britain who could afford to buy many goods. Even the rich paid 'cash on the barrel' because credit was the order of the day. Quakers leader George Fox complained about the absence of fixed prices in English stores.

Garment dipping

Garment dipping Garment dipping What is a wrinkle free shirt? A wrinkle free shirt is a garment that has been treated in such a way that it preserves its shape, smooth appearance and creases after laundering. If the garment is tumble dried, little Ironing or No ironing is required. Wrinkle free materials can withstand even the roughest of treatment. Even though Wool is much stronger than cotton, this method is mostly done with cotton fabrics. Cellulosic fiber containing fabrics are made resistant to creases by the use of a durable wrinkle- free process which is composed of the treatment of a cellulosic fiber with formaldehyde, a resin with a catalyst, a softener, polywax emulsion and an Optical Brightening agent. The process is carried out in conditions at which the formaldehyde reacts with the cellulose in the presence of a catalyst and a softener to improve the wrinkle resistance of the fabric and better tear strength after laundering with less treatment. The most common agents that crosslinks among themselves and results in the wrinkle free finishes are often the derivative of Urea. Figure 1.0 show the crosslinking between DMDHEU (dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea) and DMEU (dimethylol ethylene urea) Figure 1.0 Nowadays most of the wrinkle free shirts are being composed of cotton and synthetic fibers even if the label states 100% cotton. Due to the loose regulations, a list additional materials is necessary in the fabric if the secondary fibers exceed a certain percentage of the entire garment which affects its quality and may result in shirts that dont last as long as they should. Some wrinkle free shirts are not meant to be pressed at a professional dry cleaner because the more the temperature is , the more exposed the shirts are to the discoloration of the resins used during manufacturing. What are the components that the resin is made up of? 1) Catalyst A catalyst is asubstance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not consumed by the reaction; hence a catalyst can be recovered chemically unchanged at the end of thereaction .The rate and speed of the reaction is positively affected by the presence of a catalyst. It speeds up the reaction and allows a better flow For chemicals to react with the cellulosic fibers, the ingredients involved in the reaction should have a rearrangement of chemical bonds. Energy is needed to form the transition state and it is called the energy of activation. Reactants with lower energy cannot react with high energy ones and this is where the catalyst is used so that it provides a different route for the reaction. The catalyst allows a greater proportion of reactant species so that they gain enough energy to pass through the transition state and complete the reaction. This will result into the perfect distribution of chemicals throughout the shirts. 2) Softeners There are normally 2 types of softener that are being used and it depends on the structure, colour and resistance of the fabric being used. i) An elastomer softener is used and it is an innovative finishing agent, mainly composed of multifunctional polyurethane. It enhances wrinkle recovery and prevents wrinkle of fabric. The softener also gives perfect elasticity to the fabrics and it does not cause yellowing on white fabrics. It is a clear viscous liquid with a pH of 6.5 , a nonionic substance and it is very soluble in water. Normally 1-4 % of the weight of the fabric is added with a pickup of 80% maximum. Curing should be performed at 180deg maximum. ii) A Silicone softener is also used and it a highly concentrated softener normally found in gel form. Silicone normally delivers excellence in softness and smoothness of garments. It gives the garments a durable soft handle and very smooth feel. It also increases crease recovery, shape depth and brilliancy when applied on dyed fabrics. It is a transparent liquid and is a blend of amino silicones and urethane. It is a non-ionic substance with a pH of 7 and is soluble in water. A pickup of 70-80% should be used and maximum temperature should be around 130 degrees. 3) Optical Brightening Agent Fibers contain natural or contaminant coloring matters are generally subjected to decolorisation by the different bleaching methods therefore chemical treatments need to be done so that every substance are neutralized and an optical brightening agent is used. In order to use an optical brightener for textile application, it should have a good solubility, good fastness properties, build up properties, exhaustion properties, effect of water hardness, good leveling and penetrating properties, should not absorb light , compatible with the other chemicals in the concentration and should be stable and fast to the oxidative and reductive bleaching agents. Types ofWrinkle Free Process of Cotton Shirts: This concept of non-iron shirts existed since the very roots of cotton shirt making decades ago. Polyester and other fibers were firstly tried but the result was just a failure and it is then that the consumers got to know about the positive properties of the cotton fiber. The ability of cotton fibers to hold moisture and release it controlled makes cotton one of the best fibers among all. It has got a good breathability and gives a feeling of comfort to the user. Since some 15 years back, new methods have been established to use chemicals with the cotton fiber in order to make them almost wrinkle free and there are mainly 4 types of methods that are used: †¢ Pre- Curing †¢ Post- Curing †¢ Dip- Spin †¢ Vapor – Phase Pre- Cured fabric: The fabric used can be a 100% cotton fabric or a cotton blend and as compared to the other processes, this method does not require any further heat treatment as curing has already been done prior to the manufacture of the shirt. The already finished fabric is resistant to wrinkles already. Post- Cured fabric: In this system also, 100% cotton fabric or cotton blends can be used and the fabric will be delivered with the curing chemicals found inside. After the shirt had been manufactured, it has to be ironed entirely and hanged inside an oven indicating a temperature of 130 °C to 150 °C. Dip- Spin system: This method is the most commonly used process to manufacture wrinkle free shirts and can be used both for 100% cotton and cotton blends. After the full assembling of the shirt, it will be dipped into a mixture of chemicals which will be absorbed by the cotton fibers. The shirt being moisturized is kept in a closed bucket and will be pressed entirely. After pressing, the shirts will be placed onto a hanger and will be sent to cure in an oven of about 140 °C for 5 minutes maximum. This one belongs to the most popular process for wrinkle free shirts and can be used for 100 % cotton fabrics or cotton blends. After the shirt is manufactured as usually, it will be dipped into a mixture of chemicals, which will be absorbed by the cotton fibres. After the treatment in a tumbler the shirt is still moisturized and has to be pressed entirely.After pressing the shirt will be put on a hanger and can be cured in a curing oven by about 140 °C for about 3 -5 min. After the curing process is over, all wrinkles will tay for life. A re-touching by an iron is impossible. This is the process that I will be emphasizing more in the following pages. Vapor – Phase: This method cannot be practiced in many countries as very aggressive chemicals are being used. It follows the same system as the Dip Spin and is manufactured in the same way. After the last pressing, a special curing over is used instead of liquid chemicals, gas chemicals are used to make the shirt wrinkle free. The gas circulating throughout the oven and gradually penetrates the cotton fiber. The gas has to be extracted later on and the products need to be washed in order to remove the excess chemicals left inside. Garment dipping in Mauritius I have explained above about the different components and processes towards the production of a Non-Iron shirt on foreign lands. Coming now to Mauritius where this process was implemented only by Laguna Clothing in the year 2012. It was introduced on a pilot project and several testing were conducted before taking any command from their abroad clients. Gradually the different machines like the sprayer, dryer, bulk press and the oven were installed. After 1 year they started to get demands to produce Non iron shirts and at first they produced around 500 shirts per day but with the increase in commands, they had to boost the production and nowadays they produce around 1000-1200 shirts per day according to the client specifications. Batches of 80-90 shirts are sent for processing at one go and it take approximately 1 hour to complete 4 steps that is after the removal from the oven and an additional 4 hours to complete the finishing of the product. More details will be provided in the sections to follow. The department consists of 5 huge machines, the sprayer, 3 dryers and 1 oven. Bulk press machine .. GAIN MAXIMUM INFORMATION ABOUT THIS WITH CEDRIC How is the whole process carried out? First and foremost size segregation is a compulsory step that needs to be done in order to develop a rapid flow of work. Each size has got a specific mould. The first step that is done is the size segregration which enables a rapid flow of work during the whole process The second step is the preparation of the chemicals that would be injected into the shirts. The clothes are inserted into a chemical injecting machine and the process lasts only for some minutes and after that the shirts are sent into a pre drying machine where they are dried at 50 % and kept humid. The shirts are then sent for bulk pressing under huge pressing machines. There are 5 different machines and each part of a given shirt has got its own specified machine. The collar, back , front , sleeves and cuffs are pressed and all these processes has to be completed into a given time period. The shirts are then sent into an oven in order to cure them. Wooden hangers are normally used at the temperature is usually high. The shirts are then sent into the cooling room where water are sprayed on them to cool them down and bring pores back to original form. Shirts are tested and sent for rinsing 20 times and curing is done. Tensile and tear strength tests are also carried out to determine whether the cloth can be dipped A grab test is used for woven and non woven

Shirley Chisholm :: essays research papers

Shirley st. hill chisholm (1924-2005) A Brief Biography of Shirley Chisholm (1924-2005) S hirley St. Hill was born in New York City on November 30, 1924 she was the oldest of four daughters. Her parents were Charles and Ruby St.Hill. In 1927 at age 3 Shirley was sent to live on her grandmother’s farm in Barbados. She attended British grammar school and picked up the Caribbean accent that marked her speech. Shirley moved back to New York in 1934 at the age of 11 and went on to graduate in 1946 from Brooklyn College with honors later earning a masters degree from Columbia University. During this time it was difficult for black college graduates to find jobs. After being rejected by many companies, she obtained a job at the Mt.Calvary childcare center in Harlem. I n 1949 she married Conrad Chisholm, Shirley and her husband participated in local politics. In 1946 she ran for an assembly seat. She won and served in the New York general assembly from 1964 to1968. In 1968 after finishing her term in the legislature, Shirley Chisholm campaigned to represent New York’s Twelfth Congressional District. Her campaign slogan was â€Å"Fighting Shirley Chisholm—Un bought and Un bossed.† She won then election and became the first African American woman elected to congress. During her first term in congress, Chisholm hired an all-female staff and spoke out for civil rights, women’s rights, the poor and against the Vietnam War. In 1970 she was elected to a second term. On January 25, 1972, Chisholm announced her candidacy for president. She stood before the cameras and in the beginning off her speech she said, â€Å"I stand before you today as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Presidency of the United States. I am not the candidate of black America, although I am black and proud. I am not the candidate of the women’s of this country, although I am a woman, and I am equally proud of that. I am not the candidate of any political bosses or special interest. I am the candidate of the people.† Though Shirley did not win a single primary during the 1972 presidential election, she captured over 150 votes on the first ballot and later said her campaign had been a necessary â€Å"catalyst for change.† Shirley went on to serve for ten more years in the House and retired in 1982 after seven terms in congress. S hirley kept active in politics following her retirement by co-founding the National Political Congress of Black Women and serving as its founding in 1984 until1992.

An Analysis of Hammurabi’s Code of Law Essay

An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind†. This was said by Gandhi many years after the fall of the Babylonian empire. Judging by the laws of the Babylonian people, there was no insightful Mahatma Gandhi to spread his thoughts on equality and forgiveness. Though they were an advanced and organized society, the Babylonians were also extremely strict, almost cruel, when it came to law making. Revenge, faith in the gods’ sense of justice, and inequality all made up a portion of the eight foot tall stone tablet that we now know as Hammurabi’s Code of Law (Horne). Hammurabi’s reign lasted from 1795 until 1750 BC (Horne). Up until Hammurabi took control, there had been no ruler to publicly establish an entire set of laws. Written in order to regulate the organization of the Babylonian society, this code, consisting of two hundred laws, begins and ends by addressing the gods. Revenge played a large role in the laws, as it was seen as the only way to truly be compensated. Almost all of the laws lack a true explanation; they were simply accepted as fair justice by the people. However, one law in particular does have a reason behind it. â€Å"If an accused man claims to be innocent, he will be thrown into the river. If the man drowns, he is proven to be guilty. However, if he makes it to the opposite bank safely, the accused man is indeed innocent (Hammurabi).† This law gives us an important insight into the lives of ancient Babylonian society. Obviously, the people had a strong sense of faith in their gods. By tossing the man into the raging river, the people are putting the accused man’s life into the hands of the gods. If the man was guilty and lying, the gods would see that tribute was paid to them, as well as to the village, in the form of death. However, if the accused was indeed innocent, the Babylonians would allow the man to safely leave the river, hence living. Not so unlike our court systems (with which you must swear on a bible before testifying), the Babylonian people had strong religious convictions that were reflected in their code of laws. Another aspect reflected in Hammurabi’s Code of Laws was the belief in revenge. To the ancient Babylonians, revenge wasn’t seen as revenge: it was seen as fair and just compensation for a committed crime. To Hammurabi’s  people, â€Å"an eye for an eye† was not just a say: it was a way of life. â€Å"If he break another man’s bone, his bone shall be broken (Hammurabi).† The same was true for putting out another man’s eye, knocking out someone’s teeth, and many other bodily injuries between two man (or woman) or the same class. Though these laws seem cruel and inhuman, they were meant to keep crime and violence at a minimum. Getting your arm hacked off was probably much more intimidating than a prison sentence to the people of Babylonia, hence the laws successfully fulfilled their duties the majority of the time. Though the laws were more often than not effective, they were by no means fair. Women were dignified and treated as equals, but all social classes were not. Ancient Babylonia had a hierarchy consisting of three main social classes: the amelu, high ranking, rich court officials, patricians, and kings, the muskinu, landless and poor, though free, and the ardu, who were the lowest class (Johns). The ardu could marry and hold property, but nonetheless they were low-ranking slaves. The laws clearly reflected these social classes. Punishments were not the same for different social classes, even if the same crime was committed. For example, if a free-born man strike the body of another free-born man or equal rank, he shall pay one gold mina. However, if a slave were to strike the body of a freed man, his ear shall be cut off. Even though the exact same crime was committed, the slave would get a harsher punishment than the free, higher-ranking man. Even in ancient Babylonia, power and money seem to have the same value as they do in the present day. Not every aspect of the Babylonian culture was perfect. The social classes were strictly divided and people were treated as fairly as their birth allowed them to be. Vengefulness was accepted and expected, as was the belief in owning slaves. However, the Babylonians, under Hammurabi’s reign, were also a very admirable culture. Women were treated as equals: they were dignified, respected, and allowed to own land and property. The most important, positive aspect of the Babylonians was certainly Hammurabi’s Code of Law. As an unchangeable, fairly indestructible written code, it not only influenced other cultures (such as the Syro-Roman and Mahommedan) later in history, but it also gave us a first hand account of what life was like in a  culture that was lost so many centuries ago. BIBLIOGRAPHY â€Å"The Code of Hammurabi† by Richard Hineshttp://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTMBryant, Tamera (2005). The Life & Times of Hammurabi. Bear: Mitchell Lane Publishers. Mieroop, Marc (2004). King Hammurabi of Babylon: a Biography. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers.

Domestic Violence Assessment Report Social Work Essay Example

Domestic Violence Assessment Report Social Work Essay Example Domestic Violence Assessment Report Social Work Essay Domestic Violence Assessment Report Social Work Essay Mrs. Chan has been married to Mr. Chan for more than 20 old ages. Her hubby is a food market shop proprietor and he is really busy with his concern. Every month, Mr. Chan gives her adequate money to back up the household. They have two kids, a 11-year-old boy and a girl of 8 old ages old. Genogram Showing jobs The client came to confer with the declining father-son relationship and her boy s behavioural jobs. She perceived it as a consequence of witnessing bridal force that she had been enduring for several months. She said her hubby had a bad pique, demoing no attention or regard to her and he frequently beat her in forepart of the kids after rummy. She remained tolerate and silent until the battery shifted to life endangering danger late. Worker s perceptual experience of the jobs Harmonizing to what Mrs. Chan has said and worker s observation, there are three chief jobs in the household as listed below. Spousal Violence Mrs. Chan has been enduring from her hubby s choleric pique and violent Acts of the Apostless over a long clip. The domestic force caused dangerous injuries to the client both physically and mentally. Empirical grounds shows that after physical maltreatment, the effects of psychological maltreatment can be even more detrimental. Women subsisters of domestic force have greater possibility to demo Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms, along with dissociation, depression, anxiousness and terror, with lowered self-esteem and self-efficacy, and low quality of life. The Son s behavioural job The two kids have been exposed to their male parent s opprobrious behaviour to their female parent. Witnessing a violent event, peculiarly one affecting parents, is likely to ensue in kids s serious accommodation and behavioural jobs. Witnessing is a stressor comparable in impact to the direct experience of a violent act. The symptom becomes stronger when the force is 1 ) long permanent, 2 ) human designed,3 ) in which the attacker and victim are close to them. Child are likely to bring forth PTSD reactions such as backdown, aggression and trouble in concentration after exposure to force. Thus school public presentation of the boy deteriorated and his pique worsened. He went so far as to conceal some arms to assail his male parent in instance to protect Mrs. Chan. Family Relationss Family is a particular societal system which performs certain maps and certain duties. It performs the indispensable map of go toing to the societal and educational demands, wellness and wellbeing, and common attention of its members. The Chan s household is in a dysfunctional position. Missing communications in both spousal and parental relationships leads to blockings in giving attentions, meeting demands, establishing maps and executing duties. Mr. Chan is busy on concern every twenty-four hours and the whole household rarely have activities together. A nerve-racking household environment under force restrains looks of feelings. Besides, kids who witnessed domestic force ever face a job of trueness. Choosing either side to back up will convey jobs in household dealingss necessarily. These three jobs are non separated from each other. Alternatively, they are someway in causal relationships. Spousal force caused kids s behavioural jobs and hapless household interactions, so in the intercession procedure, we have to turn to the jobs one by one harmonizing to this order. Intervention stage In order to acquire the household back to operation, we devised an intercession program for the above-named jobs based on informed consent to the client and ethic codifications of societal worker. Aims Short-run aims: To maintain the safety of Mrs. Chan and her kids To measure and to retrieve the injury of Mrs. Chan and her kids To quash Mr. Chan s aggressive behaviour and excite his motivation to alter Long-run aims To forestall any physical and mental maltreatment in the household To better parenting accomplishments To reconstruct the communicating and to advance harmonious and healthy relationship in the household Scheme and principles PTSD Assessment The Keane MMPI ( MMPI2 ) -PTSD Scale As Mrs. Chan has been enduring from intimate spouse force for several months, the effects of the maltreatment on her should be detected by scientific methods. The Keane MMPI PTSD Scale has proven to be a dependable and valid step of PTSD in beat-up adult females. If any symptoms are discovered, the worker would mention Mrs. Chan to professional healer for farther intervention. Fiscal Assistance and Group preparation Due to economic independency and isolation, the victim has really small money of her ain and few people on whom she can trust when seeking aid, so the worker would help Mrs. Chan to use for some fiscal aid like CSSA. In add-on, she lacks specialised accomplishments, instruction, assurance, self-esteem, self-efficacy. Not anticipating any agencies of supports could worsen her sense of hopelessness, weakness and hence depression. Therefore, preparations are necessary to assist her discovery paid employment to back up herself every bit good as her kids. Group developing like horticulture, handcrafting, cooking etc. can non merely equip her with some basic professional accomplishments but besides provide her with more interpersonal web and societal support. Additions in self-pride are due to the chances for societal interaction, creativeness and self-expression ( Parker, 2004 ) . Solution-focused intervention There are a batch of theories to explicate why persons get violent behaviours in intimate relationships. The societal acquisition theory suggests that the wrongdoers learn by sing or witnessing force and intergenerational transmittal of force exists in domestic force. Others focused on abnormal psychology and personality features. Biological and physiological factors can besides assist to bring forth force. Substance maltreatment such as intoxicant and drug ingestion may besides account the state of affairs in some manner. However, every bit far as we know at the minute, we can non state the ground why Mr. Chan beats his married woman. The lone thing we are certain for the minute is that Mr. Chan should do a alteration to halt the opprobrious Acts of the Apostless and reconstruct the household operation. The solution-focused intervention deemphasizes jobs and emphasizes the building of solutions. Rather than inquiring the wrongdoer to be responsible for the job, the intervention requests the wrongdoer to be accountable for solutions. The twosome have been married for 20 old ages and Mr. Chan has ever been difficult working on concern to back up the household. Out of this love, plus the worker s stimulation and counsel, Mr. Chan is expected to determine motivations, set meaningful ends to extinguish force and develop new behaviour to work out the jobs step by measure. Assessment interview, single, twosome and household solution-talks and offender group developing workshops will be carried out with the furthering of the intercession. Harmonizing to the self-changing procedure theory, there are five phases in the procedure of an person s alteration pre-contemplation, contemplation, finding, action and care, while backsliding is likely to happen at all phases. Therefore, the procedure would take a long clip and it needs worker s forbearance and encouragement wholly along. Art therapy In the Chan s instance, the boy has likely shown some mild symptoms of PTSD. Without intercession, it will take to impossible effects. The miss s status should besides be followed up although there is still no obvious symptom on her. Sing the age of the two kids, the worker would follow art therapy in the intercession. Children shows greater decrease in PTSD symptoms through originative look such as drawing, picture, drama, or storytelling. We plan to utilize this attack to help kids to place and alter destructive belief forms, identify and express emotional residue, exercise personal control, make programs for future and interrupt down the sense of isolation. Family Gathering Interactions and communications are indispensable to household operation. The worker suggests Mr. and Mrs. Chan form more household activities that can affect the whole household to advance the household relationship. Harmonizing to parent-child interaction therapy, such activities can modify manners between the parent and kid, diminish kid behaviour jobs and advance positive parenting. Furthermore, household assemblages can give Mr. Chan a opportunity to cognize how his married woman takes attention of the kids every twenty-four hours, which can advance love and esteem between the twosome. It is hoped that these activities can be held at least one time per hebdomad.

The Flesh and the Spirit †Analysis

The Flesh and the Spirit – Analysis Free Online Research Papers The poem, â€Å"The Flesh and the Spirit,† is rich in its metaphors and figurative language, through which its author, Anne Bradstreet, seeks to compare spiritualism and materialism conveyed through the voices of different personas. The flesh is this tangible entity, which symbolizes all tangible earthly items – such as â€Å"diamonds, pearls, and gold† (line 84). All of these are of price value, as opposed to the spirit – an intangible, insoluble, and perhaps obscure entity – which symbolizes â€Å"the hidden manna† (line 68) that is priceless. Not many people can see the spirit or have it in their presence. That is not true for the flesh; most people can obtain these worldly treasures, which leads to self-fulfilled indulgences. There is no longer that fulfillment which Puritans were supposed to receive from God. Furthermore, the word â€Å"hidden† shows that the religion is very esoteric, and that only a select few people know of the â€Å"hidden manna† (â€Å"manna†, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is the â€Å"food sent to the Israelites† or a â€Å"blessing† as sent from God). Hence, the idea of Puritanism, a religion in which only a select few are chosen to be redeemed and to live with God again some day, can be very exclusive, which is evident through this poem written by the Puritan Bradstreet in her use of metaphorical and symbolic descriptions. This sort of imagery allows us to clearly see the complex but intricate beliefs held by the Puritan, which is that people begin to divert their faith in God when they start to indulge in worldly pleasures (in the form of temptations, used by the devil to lead Puritans astray). Initially, this poem is a little confusing, because it does not take the form of stanzas; but rather, the entire poem is one long stanza – just like one long rant! Although the poem was not hard to follow, the reader must pay close attention to note the change in personas. The initial persona is a narrator, most likely a passerby who witnessed the conversation between the two sisters. This constitutes the first portion of the poem (lines 2-9), which is in the point of view of the narrator. Then, the next section (lines 10-37) takes the persona of the sister called Flesh, followed by the next chunk (lines 38-109) which has the persona of the sister called Spirit. Bradstreet does not categorize these speakers into stanzas. The change in personas between Flesh and Spirit is marked by a caesura â€Å"Spir.† (line 38), also known as a pause, to let us know that the conversation slightly halts for a while, as the speaker changes. I believe that Bradstreet uses slant (or close) rhymes for the end rhymes in the first fifteen lines as a means to show that, although these twin â€Å"sisters† are similar in birth and origin, at the end (rhyme), their ideas and values about life and its importance are slanted or deviated from each other’s. The iambic tetrameter is used throughout the poem, which can symbolize the angles of a square, thus representing balance and order. Maybe we can delve further and say that the meter, which is four pairs of iambs in each line, represents a box – a square of enclosure of this esoteric tradition of the Puritans. Biblical myths tell us that God sent the devil, once an angel of heaven who fell into the abyss, to rule the world, while God Himself rules the heavens. Ironically, the devil, along with God, keeps the world in perfect balance. This balance, in reference to the square-meter, between good and evil is constantly restored so that humans can get both views and redefine their faith in the Almighty Being. After all, for if people cannot perceive evil, then they would not be able to differentiate between what is moral and just versus what is wrong. At polar extremes, we can view this poem as a contrast between good and evil, because the Spirit says to her sister, â€Å"No candle there, nor yet torchlight / For there shall be no darksome night† (lines 101-102), meaning that where the Spirit dwells, God’s light is already shining. If Flesh is evil, then Spirit must be pure. These ideas contribute the worldly order of the balance between good and evil, the coexistence of these units, and their dependence upon each other (that neither can exist without the other). In a sense, this balance is like a seesaw in motion, because any tap on one side causes their to be effect on the other side. Hence, even though Spirit is supposed to be pure, she has such a condescending tone that makes her haughty and too proud to be completely pure. Even though Flesh is supposed to be the impure figure, her existence is relevant to that of Flesh’s. Historically, this poem follows the Puritan belief of the paradox and how humans are not supposed to attach themselves to worldly things but rather suffer to get to heaven and to transcend to a better world. The Spirit is portrayed as the pure figure here. Thus, I think it is ironic that the author denotes the Flesh as having â€Å"her eye on worldly wealth and vanity† (lines 6-7), when the Spirit has an equal, if not more condescending, tone when praising her values of faith and religious contemplation and status. â€Å"This city pure is not for thee / For things unclean there shall not be† (lines 106-107) is aimed at Flesh for her attachment to all the filth in the world. By saying this, Spirit deprecates Flesh and praises herself in a holier-than-thou kind of tone, for she believes that she is pure and clean and worthy to be selected by God to live with Him eternally. â€Å"And trophies to thy name erect† (line 28) suggests the worshipping of idols, because Flesh is telling her sister Spirit that if she had â€Å"immortal fame† (line 27), then people would erect trophies to her name and worship her in a sense. This idea strongly goes against the Christian faith of idol-worshipping. All of these ideas are in fact contradicting, as they suggest the immense pride that the Puritan Spirit has, which is shunned by their modest tradition of religiosity. I think that humans should find a balance between materialism and spiritualism because you should not have just one or the other – it would be an incomplete view of the world. Without worldly temptations, a person would not be able to learn the higher essence of the divine or learn how to abstain from those temptations. Research Papers on "The Flesh and the Spirit" - AnalysisMind TravelAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Position of OPEC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Position of OPEC - Essay Example OPEC has found its geopolitical strength and has realized its power suddenly and has become an important force playing an important part in regions like Asia and Africa. It has brought the huge multinational oil companies under control who could have done so many wrong acts otherwise, but now they all are on their knees, OPEC has made them merely impotent in the decision-making process, which is a good sign as there aim of profitability can disturb many other economies. It has forced the Western nations to have its favor on numerous occasions. There is a growing recognition in the Western world that the industrialized countries cannot solve the problems of chronic inflation and economic stagnation permanently unless they force OPEC to abandon its stand of raising oil prices ever higher and disrupt supplies to the oil consuming nations, but imagine what they could have done if OPEC was not there. The dependence on OPEC increased considerably in the United States during the last decade and a half. According to a study by the Federal Energy Administration (FEA), U.S. oil imports raised 150 percent between 1968 and 1973, from about 2.5 million barrels a day in 1968 to 6.3 mb/d in 1973. Imports from the Arab oil producing countries were raised to 31.9 percent in 1976 from a negligible 2 percent of total U.S. oil imports in 1970. On the whole, the reliance of the United States on foreign oil had increased disturbingly. In 1970, the United States depended on foreign oil for 23 percent of its total oil consumption, which was quite clearly showing what could have happened in no oil situation. In 1974, the figure was raised to 37 percent, and in 1976, oil imports were about 44 percent of total U.S. consumption. In 1977, the oil imports reached the pinnacle at an average of 8.7 mb/d. That represented approximately 48 percent of the total domestic supply, which averaged 18.4 mb/d in th at year. The FEA's figures also showed that the consumption of oil in United States was raised by 3.7 percent in 1976 as compared to 1975, with gasoline use advancing at 6.7 percent and distillate by 7.9 percent. At the same time, the domestic production during 1975 and 1976 had decreased from 8.24 mb/d of crude oil to 7.93 mb/d. The nation's refineries ran at 86 percent of capacity in that period compared to 87.1 percent in 1975, which is a considerable difference in the short run. It has also been identified that the Arab nations and Nigeria were increasing their share of the U.S. market while the nation's traditional suppliers such as, Venezuela and Canada were contributing a smaller share, fundamentally because of the high price of Canadian oil and the restricted output of Venezuela. It was for the first time in 1976 that Saudi Arabia had overtaken Venezuela as the United State's chief overseas supplier of crude oil. On the other hand countries like Algeria and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have all increased their shipments, while Canada is pointing out its shipments to the United States. The conditions took a big change during 1979-1981. Suddenly, the oil crisis gave a rise to the oil surplus, it was perhaps due to the remarkable changes in the balance between demand and supply which is the base of economics and also famous for changing any country's fate.

Networking technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Networking technologies - Essay Example Today, computer networks have become an important aspect in present day communication. A lot of activities and processes are controlled by computer networks. Advancement made in computer network has highly improved the level of communication. However, for effective operations, computers have to be connected to each other and other peripheral devices (Bhunia, 2006, 99). This research paper is about standard office software, file sharing and printing capabilities in a computer network for all employees working in an organization. The paper will examine a bespoke client server application accessing a locally stored database with sensitive data accessible by only 20 employees. It will as well outline a proposal to upgrade an intranet accessible to each employee of the organization and an extranet accessible by trusted clients and an internet site for carrying out clients’ orders. Using ADSL for internet connectivity posses a security problem that brought about by its use, those using this kind of internet lack security since it is are very easy for hackers to hack the data on transit since there is no software to block hackers from reaching sensitive information (Shashi, 2007, 141). The use of Ethernet in LAN cause insecurity to data they transmit because it is a broadcast system. This implies that while transmitting information in this system, there are different segments that transferred data must move through towards the receiving computer. The hackers can use some sniffing programs to out data as it moves from the host towards the receiver (Simmonds and Ekert 2004, 320). Further, adoption of peer-to-peer technology to reduce the expense of coaxial cables in Ethernet LAN, at the same gives an unsecured networking because it bases its operation on sharing of information. Other computers in the group can access sensitive information that they share on the network. The network infrastructures like hubs and

Critical Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical Reflection - Essay Example During the second seminar, members of the forum discussed debated on several issues that face if not the society, the issues face humanity. Some of the common issues debated during this case include; the aspect of sexual desire, social isolation, anger as an aspect of motivations, personality disorder and the aspect of being sadistic. Other debated topics included sexuality, fantasy, characters of the perpetrators, actions and victim’s psychological features. However, the main topic of the seminar was sexual offending and sexual homicide. During the first seminar discussion, it was revealed that violent crime entails a crime whereby the offender threatens or uses violence upon an individual. In most cases, violent crimes entail crimes whereby the main objective is violent act. Alternatively, violent crimes include the types of crimes, which are committed with weapons. The seminar revealed that violent crimes are always seen as negative and unnecessary. Most of the members drew a conclusion that violent crimes always turn out as bad, dangerous and ugly towards fellow human beings. However, it was also discussed that violent crimes can be ambiguous along with power dimensions which mostly results in ineffectiveness and weakness. Some members of the seminar however were of the opinion that acts of violence remain a successful aspect of social positioning. In response to the aspect of media perceptions of violence, the discussion generally established that there are three different fundamentally spheres of media communication which generally interact the aspect of violent crime. The three aspects include the entertainment aspect, online and news. Further discussions revealed that the three spheres are subdivided into media sub-spheres, which include television, radio, films and the internet. These forms of media and sub-media aspects play an essential role in interacting with a near inexhaustible crime numbers as well as crime control activities

Tobacco Prevention Essay Example for Free

Tobacco Prevention Essay Tobacco Alcohol (or any other) i) Using interventions for reducing tobacco use among the users ii) Carrying out smoking bans iii) Taking measures to reduce intake by minorities iv) Using provider reminder systems that govern the providers of these products about the implications to the users v) Using school based methods of interventions to educate the effects of tobacco to students. vi) Using community based task force to help educate influence of tobacco to the people vii) Increasing campaigns towards cessation of tobacco use i) Using interventions for reducing alcohol use among the users ii) May not necessarily need bans on its use iii) Measures to reduce the alcoholism by minorities is highly necessary iv) Reminder use systems may not necessarily be important though can be used. v) School based methods of interventions may be highly recommendable. vi) Community based task force may be of necessity in preventing alcoholism vii) Cessation campaigns may be of necessity. (1) Distinguishing methods of preventing tobacco form that of alcoholism or any other behavior. 2) Tobacco use policies The policies to prevent tobacco use should virtually be constituted at all dimensions that run from local campus and state policies. Local policies are those that should be aimed at controlling and preventing the general use of tobacco within the local society. This could be through the application of cordial measures and policies that are aimed at articulating and monitoring the use of tobacco within the society. Campus policies should be instituted aimed at regulating and monitoring the levels of tobacco use within the campus boundaries. Such policies will therefore help to reduce the proficiency of tobacco taking among campus students. The state policies are the overall counter measures and policies that regulate the overall use of this product. It should define the requirements, penalties, regulations and relations between smokers and the rest of the state structures (Robert, 1999) 3) Three major policies on tobacco taking Controls on advertisement Increasing campaigns on cessation Introductions of smoking bans Aimed at reducing the motivating impact to its consumers. Can be achieved through increased cots and regulations on advertisement Manufacturers entitled to indicate a risk warning on their adverts. Social programs aimed at reducing the use of tobacco Smokers are given awareness of the impact of smoking Aim to govern interventions for both current and future smokers. Penalties aimed at reducing smoking May be imposed to the providers, manufactures or the smokers. Culprits are made to pay penalties and charges for their break of legal regulations 4) Tobacco developmental programs Various developmental programs can be instituted on tobacco use. Firstly, adequate information about the dangers of tobacco should be developed by all participants. Elsewhere, controls that govern to reduce the level of supplies to ensure the lowest levels of supplies should be instituted. This could be through governmental regulations that may posit regulatory framework about the levels of tobacco supplies by the manufacturers and the providers. Additionally, controls on advertisements that reduced extravagance in such adverts should be developed. Controls on advertisement would be important in reducing the levels of motivations in use of tobacco by the consumers (Robert, 1999) Reference Robert, T (1999) Prevention and Societal Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. London, Routledge

Use of CBCT in Orthodontics- A Review

Use of CBCT in Orthodontics- A Review ABSTRACT Lateral cephalometric radiographs are most commonly used as a diagnostic tool in orthognathic surgery as well as orthodontic treatment. But the limitation of lateral cephalograms is its 2 dimensional nature whereas the human body is 3 dimensional. Conventional 2D lateral cephalograms have numerous drawbacks in terms of investigating the changes in the alveolar bone and roots, particularly in the anterior region, as a consequence of the midsagittal projection. Additionally its accuracy is questionable as it has projection errors. The use of computed tomography in 3D imaging of human body is available in the field of medicine since last 30 years. CT scanning is the three dimensional imaging technique giving quantitative assessments of the buccal and lingual cortical bone plates and labiolingual width of alveolar bone with elevated accuracy and precision. But the use of computed tomography in dentistry is limited because the amount of radiation exposure with this technology is very high . Since the invention of Cone Beam Computed Tomography, the amount of radiation exposure in the patient is reduced. This enhances its use in obtaining the 3D images of the craniofacial structures. This technology helps in visualizing the hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial structures from various perspectives and helps in thorough diagnosis and treatment planning of orthognathic surgery and orthodontic patients. The principles of CBCT and its use in the field of orthodontics will be discussed in detail in this paper. KEYWORDS: Cone beam computed tomography, Surgical orthodontics. INTRODUCTION Orthodontics is a field, which places a significant amount of emphasis on the modification of abnormal craniofacial growth patterns, in addition to the correction of dental malrelationships. Successful orthodontic and surgical treatment of such anomalies naturally requires efficient and reliable imaging of the structures of the cranial complex. Ever since the advent ofÂÂ   the Bolton cephalometer in 1931 [1], orthodontists have consistently used lateral cephalograms in evaluation of treatment as well as in diagnosis and treatment planning. In addition, postero-anterior, panoramic, occlusal and peri-apical views of the skull and teeth have been used as and when required to aid in the diagnosis. All these additional radiographic views add up to a significant quantity of radiation exposure to the patient, which can and should be avoided if possible. Also, the 2 dimensional nature of these conventional radiographic views imposes further limitations such as overlap, leading to lack o f visualization of individual structures, errors due to projection, as well as the incapability to identify true skeletal asymmetries when present [2]. Thus, it has been recognized for some time now that three- dimensional imaging of the skull is the need of the hour in orthodontics. 3D Computed tomography in Orthodontics The use of computed tomography in 3D imaging of human body is available in the field of medicine since last 30 years. But the high radiation exposure and the prohibitive cost of this technology have till now precluded its use in orthodontics. However, recent advances in CT technology have seen a dramatic decrease in radiation as well as in cost, making it a viable and desirable alternative to traditional imaging. The newer CT machines can now perform a complete scan of the head in just a few seconds and provide the patient an effective dose of only 50 micro-Sieverts, compared with about 2000 from a conventional CT scan of the entire head [3]. This follows the ALARA principle (As low as reasonably acceptable) for radiation exposure, of the American Dental Association. Radiation exposures are further reduced when one believes that a single CT image can replace a number of conventional radiographs that are now considered essential for almost every orthodontic procedure. Thus, the routine use of CT scans for orthodontic diagnosis may not be very far away [4]. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT): Technique and Advantages Conventional CT machines acquire image data by using either a single narrow X-ray beam or a thin broad fan-shaped X-ray beam. These X-ray beams rotate around the patient in a circular or spiral path as the patient moves through the scanning machine or as the rotating beam passes over the patient. A series of detectors register the attenuation of these X rays, and from the data gathered, the machine reconstructs the internal structure of the patients body [5]. 3D data of the patients anatomical structures is stored in the form of Voxels. These can be thought of as tiny cubes arranged next to each other. The brightness of each cube represents the density of the corresponding anatomic structure. Obtaining the final 3D object from the raw data requires a time consuming process called rendering, which is achieved using computer algorithms [6]. However, a new digital imaging breakthrough, the NewTom QR 9000 Volume Scanner (Verona, Italy) is now available for clinical practice. This CT scanner uses a cone-shaped X-ray beam that is large enough to encompass the region of interest. It produces a much focused beam, minimizing scatter, thus reducing the absorbed radiation dose to 45 microSieverts [7]. In contrast to conventional CT imaging the patient remains stationary throughout the procedure. In a single scan, the X-ray source and a reciprocating X-ray sensor rotate around the patients head and acquire 360 pictures (1 image per degree of rotation) in 17 seconds of exposure time. The 360 acquired images undergo a primary reconstruction to mathematically replicate the patients anatomy into a single 3 dimensional volume. Further, the software allows for reformatting and viewing the image data from any point of view in all 3 dimensions. Thus, from a single scan, frontal, lateral, panoramic and other views can be created. Addition ally, the anatomy can be peeled away layer by layer to locate the desired section. A major advantage of CBCT-generated cephalograms is the ability to excise unwanted structures such as the cervical spine and occiput, avoiding superimposition of irrelevant structures, and providing a remarkably clear image of pertinent maxillo-facial structures [8]. Uses of 3-dimensional computed tomography in Orthodontics Assessment of alveolar bone The alveolar bone height is particularly important in adults and periodontally compromised patients. Assessment of available bone is necessary prior to arch expansion or labial movement of incisors. Surface irregularities due to ectopic teeth, bone dehiscences, salivary gland invaginations and other abnormalities can also be visualized in three- dimensional images. A new resource for occlusal assessment is the lingual view-as if the clinician were looking from the back of the patients head into the oral cavity. Impacted tooth position Impaction (or failure of eruption) of teeth is a common orthodontic problem, which requires precise localization for the purpose of surgical exposure and guidance into the oral cavity. Conventional views such as the occlusal and periapical views cannot precisely locate such teeth. CT scans with 3 dimensional reconstructions provide an excellent means to accurately locate such teeth. In such a study done on a 21 year old girl, by Ravinder et al. [9], an impacted maxillary left canine was accurately localized, and revealed to be in a horizontal, palatal position. This was done, by obtaining various views, such as plain axial, sagittal CT slices, as well as superior, sagittal and superior- oblique views of the maxillary dentition. Walker, Enciso and Mah [10] have also reported the advantages of 3D imaging in the management of impacted canines. In addition, cysts of the jaws, supernumeraries and ectopic/buried teeth can also be visualized using this technique. Temporomandibular Joint Assessment Coronal, sagittal and axial views of the temporomandibular joint obtained from the CT scan can be correlated with the occlusal views. Functional shift of the joints can be occasionally detected as differences between the left and right TMJ views. In addition, 3D CT studies on patients who underwent orthognathic surgery, have allowed better evaluation of post surgical condylar resorption [11]. Surgical patients including syndromes and clefts Surgical planning for patients with jaw asymmetry, e.g. Hemifacial Microsomia can benefit from 3D imaging. This allows measurement of true jaw dimensions without the customary problems of magnification, superimposition and distortion, inherent in 2 D cephalograms. Use of virtual cutting tools and collision tools to plan out surgery on the 3D images, means that orthognathic surgery as well as distraction osteogenesis can be carried out with a far greater degree of precision, leading to more predictable results. [12] Facial Analysis A conventional photograph is a simple two- dimensional representation that is not correlated with the supporting skeleton. The 3D volume can provide any frontal, lateral or user-defined view of the face, and by altering the translucency of the image, one can determine the exact relationship of the soft tissues to the skeleton. This has major implications in the planning of tooth movements, orthodontic extractions, orthognathic surgery, and other therapies that could alter facial appearance. Tongue size and Posture Volume measurements of the tongue could provide a more objective assessment of size, to aid in the diagnosis of arch-width discrepancies and open bites. Airway assessment Volume measurements of the airway could evaluate patency, particularly in patients suspected of adenoid hypertrophy, mouth-breathing or obstructive sleep apnea. Turbinates and nasal morphology can also be evidently seen in CT scans. This would mark a significant improvement over the use of 2 dimensional lateral cephalograms. Root resorption 3D CT images can show areas of root resorption on central and lateral incisors adjacent to impacted canine teeth. Walker, Enciso and Mah [10] showed that incisor resorption adjacent to impacted canines is present in 66.7% of lateral incisors and 11.1 % of central incisors. A correlation was found between the proximity of impacted canines to the incisors and their resorption. Current CT machines may have too low resolution to detect early stages of root resorption as a result of orthodontic movement, but this may be possible in the future [6]. Planning for placement of dental implants Osseo-integrated implants may be used in orthodontics either for the prosthetic replacement of missing teeth, or as stationary anchorage to facilitate tooth movement. Optimal spacing as well as correct root angulations of adjacent teeth must be achieved in order to successfully place dental implants [13]. Cone beam CT scanning could be used to accurately assess space availability, root angulations, as well as the quality of alveolar bone at the implant site. This would replace the use of panoramic and peri-apical radiographs currently used for the purpose. Cephalometric Analysis Conventional 2D cephalometric measurements can also be carried out, by rendering a 2D projection of the 3 D data, resembling a radiograph. For bilateral cephalometric landmarks, the computer can calculate the midpoint between them. Certainly, new cephalometric landmarks and analyses based on 3D data shall be developed in the near future. Conclusion 3D computed tomography represents the cutting edge of orthodontic imaging and diagnostic capability. While mainstream orthodontists are still living and practicing in a 2D world, orthodontic residents in many universities are becoming 3D sense. The several distinct advantages of 3D CT imaging, with ever-decreasing radiation doses, mean that this is where the future of orthodontic imaging lies. References Broadbent B.H. A new technique and its application to Orthodontia. Angle Orthod 1931; 1: 45-66. Baumrind S. Integrated Three Dimensional Craniofacial Mapping: Background, Principles, andÂÂ   Perspectives. Semin Orthod 2001:7:223-232. Mah J.K, Danforth R.A, Bumann A, Hatcher D. Radiation absorbed in maxillofacial imaging with a new dental computed tomography device. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 96: 508-13. Hatcher D.C, Aboudara C.L. Diagnosis goes digital. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004; 125: 512-5. Carlsson C. Imaging modalities in x-ray computerized tomography and in selected volume tomography. Phys Med Biol 1999; 44: 23-56. Demetrios. J .Halazonetis. From 2-dimensional cephalograms to 3-dimensional computed tomography scans. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2005; 127:627-637. Kau C.H, Richmond S, Palomo J.M, M.G.Hans. Three-dimensional cone beam computerized tomography in orthodontics. Journal of Orthodontics 2005;32:282-293. Huang J.H, Bumann A, Mah J. Three-Dimensional radiographic analysis in orthodontics. J Clin Orthod 2005; 36; 7: 421-428. V. Ravinder, Nikhar Anand Verma, Ashima Valiathan. 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography- A new method for localization of Impacted Canines. J Ind Orthod Soc 2002; 35: 73-75. Walker L, Enciso R, Mah J. Three dimensional localization of maxillary canines with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod and Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 128: 418-423. Bailey LJ, Cevidanes LH, Proffit WR. Stability and predictability of orthognathic surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2004; 126:273-7. Troulis M.J, Everett P, Seldin E.B, Kikinis R, Kaban L.B. Development of a three-dimensional planning system based on computed tomographic data. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 31:349-357 Ravinder V, James Sunny P, Mariette DSouza, Valiathan Ashima. Osseo-integrated implants for maxillary lateral incisors- Orthodontic considerations. Malaysian Dental Journal 2003; 24(1):79-86.